The Importance of Cultural Approaches to Negotiation

The Importance of Cultural Approaches to Negotiation Negotiation occurs when individuals with conflict of the interests get together to determine how they would allocate resources or work together in the future. The ideas of both parties need to be well presented in the negotiation. Both parties should end up with equally benefiting outcomes.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance of Cultural Approaches to Negotiation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Negotiation results in problem solving to a common problem between the parties involved. Contradicting issues arise due to different schools of thought and cultural backgrounds. This is the reason why negotiation needs expertise when handling it. Negotiations in business involve open communication, understanding the conflict and search for the solution by the involved parties. Different cultures approach negotiations differently and thus, utmost understanding is required (Hendon, Hendon Herbig, 1996).The main purp ose of this paper is to discuss the cultural approaches used in negotiations. It will explain five cultural approaches used by the Chinese and their effectiveness if applied in the United States of America. Different cultures approach negotiation differently. This is because of the differences in their traditions and beliefs. Negotiators’ cultural background is reflected during negotiation process through the way they think and are sensitivity to the issues. The approaches used in different cultures have their advantages and disadvantages. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the different cultural approaches to negotiations especially when dealing with foreigners. If this is not done it may lead to frustrations of the two parties and this is likely to bring enmity, which is not good for business investors (Hendon, Hendon Herbig, 1996). The Chinese culture is renowned for persistence and coherence. It is rooted in religio-philosophical traditions of Taoism, Buddhism, Con fucianism, Pantheistic and Animist beliefs. Confucianism, for example, is associated with the subtle and tacit but forceful social moral and behavioral code in China. Social harmony is another element of Chinese culture that gives a non-interventionist, outer directed and situation-accepting orientation. This allows the Chinese maintain harmony with their counterparts. Besides this, they place the negotiation on a wider context in understanding of the underlying principles. The Chinese also take responsibility for the decisions made and are less likely to result in overt conflicts during the negotiation.Advertising Looking for essay on communication strategies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Their culture is also relationship oriented as it values relationships above everything else. Thus, the Chinese negotiators will take negotiation as a relationship building process. In this regard, they ensure that a good relati onship is maintained during and after the negotiation (Li Weldon, 2000). Their cultures require them to be implicit and indirect and this is reflected in their negotiation style. They are more sensitive and practice proper etiquette in their dealings. They are also governed by reciprocity and therefore, they expect concessions in return. In addition, they show patience in their negotiations and more likely to place a negotiation in a historical context. They deal with issues as a package rather than one issue at a time and they are comfortable with long-term negotiations. Another cultural factor is contingency propositions. This means that they display more caution and they are more assertive as well as open to the pursuit of self (Li Weldon, 2000). On the other hand, the objective of American negotiators is to arrive at legalistic contracts. They thrive in getting the details right and using all relationships to facilitate the achievement of unambiguous understandings. They focus on the short-term solution and they are result oriented. They prefer a competitive environment with the intent of solving problems and they expect reciprocity. The law binds them and they honor their contracts no matter the results of the outcome. The Americans negotiate expecting immediate results. They see delays as a sign of ineptitude and they deal with perceived insensitivity. Their tendency to getting straight to the point mostly leads to failures in negotiations (Hendon, Hendon Herbig, 1996). Therefore, there are distinct differences between the American cultural approach to negotiation and the Chinese cultural approach to negotiation. The Chinese approach is humanitarian and if applied in the United States, it is bound to bring about positive changes. However, its effectiveness will solely depend on how this culture is embraced. Most American investors have built their negotiation skills on western culture and it may be a challenge to adopt new changes. However, some of th e Chinese cultural approaches to negotiation are possible to be incorporated into the United States culture (Li Weldon, 2000).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance of Cultural Approaches to Negotiation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For example, the Chinese’s collective way of thinking will do well if it replaces the American’s individualistic way of thinking. This way, it is possible for an American negotiator to put himself in the shoes of another person and view the negotiation in a broader perspective. The Americans may see the sensitivity with which the Chinese handle negotiations as a weak point but if incorporated in the US culture, it is likely to help build long-term relationships following a negotiation (Lam, 2000). The Americans are always in haste in their business dealings. Adapting the formal long-term relationship building of the Chinese culture at the negotiation table may help them pay close attention to details of the issue and understand their counterparts. It is also possible to replace the impatient and aggressive tendency of the Americans with the more subdued patient spirit of the Chinese. The Americans are result oriented and they are likely to close businesses deal in their favor even if their counterparts get furious over it. This can also be overcome by the Chinese’s long-term perspective, which helps them have better deals and hence become better business investors (Lam, 2000). In conclusion, negotiation skills are shaped by negotiator’s culture. In order to avoid enmity when solving conflicts, the negotiators need to understand each other’s culture. Each culture has its pros and cons when approaching the negotiation table. Therefore, it is the role of the negotiators to learn and appreciate the other parties’ cultures. It is also necessary to incorporate the pros of different cultural approaches to be able to m aximize opportunities in international and national business (Hendon, Hendon Herbig, 1996). References Hendon, D., Hendon, R. Herbig, P. (1996). Cross-Cultural Business Negotiations. Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group.Advertising Looking for essay on communication strategies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Lam, M. (2000). Working With Chinese Expatriates in Business Negotiations: Portraits, Issues, and Applications. Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. Li, J., Tsui, A., Weldon, E. (2000). Management and Organizations in the Chinese Context. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan Publishers.

Adjectives That Look Like Adverbs

Adjectives That Look Like Adverbs Adjectives That Look Like Adverbs Adjectives That Look Like Adverbs By Mark Nichol What’s the visual difference between an adjective and an adverb? Well, all adverbs end in -ly, and no adjectives do, right? Wrong on both counts. Some adverbs, called flat adverbs, lack the -ly suffix. The words in this category, like straight, can be used both as adverbs (â€Å"Drive straight through the intersection†) and adjectives (â€Å"He drew a straight line†). Some adverbs, like slow, are interchangeable with their -ly forms (see this post). Others, like hard, are distinct in usage from the adverbial -ly form (â€Å"I worked hard† is opposite in meaning from â€Å"I hardly worked†) and have no adjectival -ly form. At the same time, dozens of adjectives end in -ly, and many have no adverbial equivalent. (Some adjectives that pertain to periods of time, such as daily, weekly, and monthly, can be both adjectives and adverbs: â€Å"They followed a daily regimen†; â€Å"They followed the regimen daily.†) For example, friendly can modify a noun (â€Å"She wore a friendly smile†), but although one can write, â€Å"She looked friendly,† it means she had a friendly look, not that she looked at someone in a friendly manner. (Friendly is not an adverb; friendlily is, though I’ve never seen it used, and one must otherwise use the adverbial phrase in the previous sentence, or a similar one, in place of friendly.) Other adjectives ending in -ly that are not also adverbs include costly (â€Å"It was a costly event†), miserly (â€Å"That’s a miserly attitude†), and unruly (â€Å"He’s an unruly boy†). One cannot, for example, act costly, miserly, or unruly; one is said, for example, to spend in a costly manner, to behave in a miserly fashion, or to engage in unruly behavior. Adjectives ending in -y can be converted to adverbs with the insertion of -il- before the final letter, as in frosty (â€Å"She gave him a frosty look†) becoming frostily (â€Å"She looked at him frostily†), but, friendlily notwithstanding, few adjectives can be converted to adverbs in this manner. For example, â€Å"She gave him a deadly look† is correct, but â€Å"She looked at him deadlily is not.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Words with More Than One Spelling8 Types of Parenthetical Phrases45 Idioms with "Roll"

Direct Request Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Direct Request - Essay Example Answers should be directed to your department and then to a manager of a corresponding project. Each quality should be rated on a scale of 1-10, and evaluation should be repeated every sixth month. We understand that this procedure means more work for departments' managers and forces suppliers for higher achievements in their work. On the other hand it will facilitate access to important information about suppliers' company and enable its financial success. Project manager is also benefiting from this program, because it will enlarge his/ hers personal experience and create new career opportunities. We will appreciate your support of the program and believe that it will make a significant difference in our work effectiveness. Level of understanding is high (about 90 % in both groups), because the idea of project is simple and doesn't require extraordinary level of competence. Problems with understanding could be related to little working experience or otherwise to a lack of basic knowledge (when promotion to the post of manager was based on personal relations instead of working achievements). Audience expects payment increase and career promotion due to the new responsibilities, 10-30 % of the audience prefers to work as before and get the same payment, but the most part will agree for a larger amount of work in exchange for higher income. At the beginning of the project audience wou

Research Bibliography Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Bibliography - Research Paper Example Visual arts and film studies is a broad body of knowledge that requires adequate research in a variety of fields. Several scholars in the field of visual arts and film studies have wrote useful research books that can be used for comprehensive studies. Francisco Goya is among the scholars who have made a great contribution in the field of visual arts and film studies. A critical analysis of his works portrays a cognitive combination of various artistic features aimed at broadening the reader’s mind in analyzing artistic aspects. Francisco Goya developed the los Caprichos, which comprise of 80 sets of prints put out as an album (Goya, 50). Francisco’s works are organized as an artistic experiment tailored to picture the flaws in the knowledge base of the Spanish society, a place he spent much of his time. Francisco elaborated the issue of dominance of superstition in the society, high level of ignorance, defective leadership approach, and marital slipups. Generally, his works can be described as depicting since they are concerned with outlining misconceptions that are evident in any civilized society. In essence, most of his works point out deceptive features in the society such as ignorance, self-interest by leaders, and unclear means of acquiring wealth. For the purpose of studying various aspects of visual arts and film studies, we can focus on the fourth series of Francisco’s artistic genre. The series is a critique of the practices experienced in the 18th century in the Spanish society and the human race at large. Francisco uses a unique informal style of writing to convey crucial information regarding the contemporary society and people behavior. His style of presenting ideas laid a foundation for quality print production for future generations. From studying the works of Francisco Goya, people understood that information can be passed through prints and animation. In addition, blending color with a combination of

Reference to two South African examples Essay Example for Free

Reference to two South African examples Essay In at least one point in the day, every-one finds themselves tuned into one broadcast station or another, be it radio or television Be it for entertainment, relaxation, to be informed or merely a means of escapism. For whichever reasons it is, radio and television play an active role in our everyday life whether we are aware of it or not. Using South African examples, this assignment seeks to discuss two radio and two television genres. It is virtually impossible to discuss the issue genre before defining this term. Both the Oxford dictionary as well as Creeber (2001), defines genre as type or kind. Genres allow for the types or kinds of things to be categorised. For example in radio broadcasting, there are various different programs aired, such as talk shows, music shows, news broadcasts, drama shows and so on. Each of these shows are categorised into a particular genre based on their characteristics. The two radio genres that will be discussed are talk shows and music shows. The phenomenon of genre is not exclusive to radio and television alone. In fact according to Greeber, it [genre] has played an important role in the study of literature, theatre, film, television and other art and media forms (Creeber, G: 2001 pg. 1). Radio-Talk Genre Radio stations like SAFM and 702 are almost entirely dedicated to the genre of talk show however almost every radio station incorporates this genre if not at least for a few minutes. The success of talk shows lie in participation by the audience. The audience is urged to call into the radio station and either view their opinion on the topic of discussion or pose questions to either an officiator or a panel. On SAFM for example, there was a program entitled The Life and Times of Dr. Bayers Nordea. The show was as the title implies, discussing and talking about Dr. Nordeas life. The show hosted family, colleagues and friends, who spoke about his life. Listeners also got the opportunity to add their comments, thoughts, as well as pose questions to the panel. The show was also officiated by the host or disk jockey (D. J) of the show, who not only directed most of the discussion, but also made sure that the show, ran smoothly. The nature of talk shows is such that the audience phones in either agreeing or disagreeing to the topic or question being discussed. This opens the door for others to voice their opinions. According to Barnard (2000), phone-in encourages a free flow of opinion and conversation within the safety of an artificially created community (Barnard, S: 2000). With out this element, the talk show would be deemed unsuccessful. Talk shows do not follow a particular protocol, meaning that any topic can be addressed. The mere action of a D. J. posing a question relating to any topic and receiving feedback from the audience constitutes the genre of talk show to be exercised. As any topic makes way for talk shows, it is common to find small inserts of talk show, even within a primarily music radio station. Highfeld Stereo is an example of a South African music radio station. It is common to find a situation where a D. J. poses a question and opens the lines to receive feedback. The D. J is thus officiating a talk show, within a music show. Listeners of talk shows however, are required to concentrate on the discussion if they are to understand what is being discussed, thus ones attention cannot divert from one thing to another. For example, one cannot talk to a friend on the phone, as well as remain focused on the discussion. Radio-Music Genre. Although there is audience participation in the music genre, it differs from that of the talk genre. Regarding music radio, the audience is urged to call in to send dedications to friends or loved ones, choose songs they wish to hear, or vote for their favourite song rather than voice their opinions on a matter. Music as a genre is not so clear-cut like talk shows. Within the music genres, there are sub-genres, where by music is categorised according to style. Rock, rave, hip-hop and pop would all be examples of sub-genres of the music genre. The music genre requires less attention from the listener to be focused on the show. Namely, the listener can do various other activities without loosing out on the entertainment. For example, while driving a car and focusing on the road, or while working at ones desk, one can continue to listen to his or her favourite song and not be side tracked. Unlike the talk genre where if one was driving a car and focusing on the road they would more than likely loose track of what was being discussed-alternatively, they would possibly have an accident. As the genre implies, the emphasis in music shows is in fact music. Therefore it is common to find very little talking by the D. J. and more music being played. The show usually consists of popular songs in the specific sub-genre being aired. This genre also usually has a top 40 show, where the 40 most popular songs are aired. This is commonly known as contempory hit radio (Tomaselli/de Villiers: 1998). 5FM radio station for example has the Coca-Cola Top 40 music show which is aired every Sunday morning from 10:00- 14:00. Other radio stations like East Coast Radio host the Top 10 at 10 show, which airs the 10 most popular songs every Tuesday night at 22:00. These songs which make it onto the top 10 or top 40 lists, are songs which have been voted for by the public. Jacaranda FM in contrast to the mainstream radio stations of say 5FM for example would air music of a different sub-genre, however one would still find the most popular tracks of that specific sub-genre being aired, as well as top 10 shows occurring. In the music genre, the D. Js primary job is to play music and possible talk a little bit about the artist of the track, rather than being an officiator or a mediator of discussion, as is found in talk radio. Television-Documentary Genre. As the term documentary implies, these shows are usually fact based and require research to be done on the particular topic being showed. Events are documented by a team of researchers and aired to the public. An example of a documentary would be found in the SABC 2 show 50/50. This is a documentary program that focuses on various aspects of the wild life. Documentaries however could focus on a variety of topics, including an event, person or idea. As the emphasis of documentaries is on information, enlightenment and facts, viewers usually watch documentaries as a means of being informed, rather than being entertained. The nature of documentaries is such that each episode is fully formed and has a definite conclusion even if left as an enquiry for the viewer to think about what they have just viewed. This allows the viewer to evaluate their knowledge of the topic against that of the show. Documentaries are also not usually serial form, as would be the case in a sitcom for example. Rather, they tend to be self-contained episodes with definite endings. Documentaries usually also adopt a narrative structure psychological relationship of the viewers to the program. The viewer is often addressed directly, in order to persuade the actual person watching at home that he or she is the you to whom the addresser is speaking (Allen,C: 1992 pg. 118). This also keeps the viewer interested in the show as well making them feel as if they actively involved in what is going on. Due to the fact that documentaries are not entertainment focused and are rather a means of transferring information, events, people or animals being documented are portrayed as realistically as possible. Animals, which are filmed in the 50/50 program, for example are filmed in their natural environments, rather than in zoos, in order to give the viewer the most realistic experience. As they are based on real occurrences, documentaries, unlike entertainment programmes such as sitcoms, do not focus as much on a specific plot. Television-Soap Opera As soap operas were originally targeted at the female audience (Brown, M: 1994), it is not surprising to find that many of the central characters within this genre are women. More importantly, they are strong, powerful and influential characters, rather than the stereotype housewife women. SABC 3 airs the soap opera Isidingo. Charel de Villiers and Leigh Haynes are two examples of strong, powerful and ambitious characters that play central roles in the show. It is important for these kinds of characters to exist, in order for the audience to which the show is targeted at to be able to relate. They [women] recognise some of there own identity in this product created by the media (Brown, M: 1994). People watch soap operas for a number of reasons. The fact that they are entertaining, allows the viewer to unwind, relax or escape from the stresses from every day life, for the duration of the show, as the audience get lost in the reality of the program (Anderson, M: 2004). Viewers could also be using the decision-making techniques and outcomes of the soap opera to work through their own issues (Anderson, M: 2004). Isidingo is an example of a program that deals with AIDS-an issue that the whole of South Africa is facing; it also provides solutions in the form of Nandipe-a married women infected with HIV. Her positive attitude allows her to live a productive life. Viewers may see Nandipe as a role model. Those viewers infected with HIV may in fact even echo her actions in order to try and increase productivity in their own lives. Characters in soap operas are usually found in the form of multiple characters (Brown, M: 1994) meaning that characters emphasize the group over the individual (Brown, M: 1994 pg 53), thus many people can relate to one specific character. This also makes way for viewers to find similarities between themselves and various other characters rather than one particular character. Brown believes that rather than relating to characters in soap operas, viewers implicate themselves to various characters, meaning that the viewer will see similarities between a particular character, or even characters, but when the character acts in a way that the viewer does not agree with, or feel comfortable with, the viewer will distance him or herself from the character (Brown, M: 1994). Soap operas adopt a visualization style, which gets the viewer to focus and identify with a specific character (Brown, M: 1994 pg. 53). On a radio talk show for example, a TV viewer called in with the opinion that the Isidingo villianess, Cherel de Villiers should be punished, as if the viewer could not differentiate between reality fiction. (Anderson, M: 2004). Apparently actors who play villainous characters are shunned offset by the public (Anderson, M: 2004). It is not only the relatable characters and entertaining style of soap operas that keep the audience hooked. It is also the continuous open-ended nature of episodes, set in the present and containing a number of alternating story lines which gives the audience sense of continuous pleasure (Brown, M: 1994, pg. 58). The fact that soap operas resists narrative closure, meaning that the story is continuous and never ending, means there is always hope for the future (Anderson, M: 2004). Thus viewers will continue to watch future episodes in order to come closer to seeing what will happen at the end (which never really comes). John Davies (1984) suggests about soap opera viewers that once hooked, they vacillate between their need to know, or the pleasure of anticipation that keeps viewers watching (Brown, M: 1994). In discussing two radio and two television genres with reference to two South African examples, it is evident that the complexities and intricacies of various broadcasts and genres are not as simple as one would imagine. As seen above, various genres and broadcasts draw in different audiences, and evoke various different responses in the viewer or listener. As technology continues to move forward, where will these broadcasts find themselves in the future? For now though, radio and television will continue to play an active part in almost all of our lives. BIBLIOGRAPHY Allen, Robert C. 1992. Televisions modes of address the social context of T. V. viewing. In Channels of Discourse, reassembled. 2nd ed. Edited by Robert C. Allen. London: Routledge. Anderson, Muff. Soapies mirror SAs soul. Mail Guardian. 24 March 2004. Barnard, S. 2000. Studying Radio. New York: Arnold Hodder. Brown, Mary Ellen. 1994. Ch. 3: Soap opera and womens talk: The pleasure of resistance. Thousand Oaks: Sage. Creeber, G. (ed. ). 2001. Introduction: What is genre? In Creeber, G (ed),The television genre book. London: British Film Institute, 1-7. Teer-Tomaselli, R and de Villiers, C. 1998. Radio: Theatre of the Mind. In De Beer, A (ed). Mass media toward the Millennium. Pretoria: Van Schaik, 147-175.

Hester as A Self-Reliant Character Essay -- essays research papers

Individualism in a Society-Based World   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In a society-centered world, living as self-reliant can be a difficult task to accomplish because society puts pressure on its members to conform to its standards. Nonconformists are eluded by society and consequently have difficulty retaining their nonconformist position. According to Ralph Waldo Emerson’s â€Å"Self Reliance†, those who express themselves and dismiss the role of consistency are misunderstood, but great and as a result will ultimately rise in a â€Å"morally perfect,† but hypocritical society. In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Scarlet Letter, Hester Prynne was created as a self-reliant character that indirectly exploits the flaws and hypocrisy of Puritan society, as well as to prove Hester as a survivor. In addition to Hester and self-reliance, Hawthorne reveals the hypocrisy of Puritan society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hester is a symbol of self-reliance because she resumes wearing the scarlet letter â€Å"A,† a symbol of her adulterous act and she stayed loyal to herself by daring to live beyond the petty rules of Puritan society. She is obviously not repentant, as she chooses to remain in Boston, even when she is free to go elsewhere and start a new life. â€Å"Here had been the scene of her guilt, and here should be the scene her earthly punishment; and so perchance, the torture of her daily shame would at length purge her soil, and work out another purity than that which she had lost; more saint-like bec...

Finance 3220 Problem Set 1

What is the present value of $150,000 to be received 8 years from today if the discount rate is 11 percent? Question 1 options: | A)|   $65,088. 97| | B)|   $71,147. 07| | C)|   $74,141. 41| | D)|   $79,806. 18| | E)|   $83,291. 06 | Question 2 (2 points) According to the Rule of 72, you can do which one of the following? Question 2 options: | A)|   double your money in five years at 7. 2 percent interest| | B)|   double your money in 7. 2 years at 8 percent interest| | C)|   double your money in 8 years at 9 percent interest| | D)|   triple your money in 7. years at 5 percent interest| | E)|   triple your money at 10 percent interest in 7. 2 years  | Question 3 (2 points) On your ninth birthday, you received $300 which you invested at 4. 5 percent interest, compounded annually. Your investment is now worth $757. How old are you today? Question 3 options: | A)|   age 29| | B)|   age 30| | C)|   age 31| | D)|   age 32| | E)|   age 33| Question 4 (2 poin ts) You just received a $5,000 gift from your grandmother. You have decided to save this money so that you can gift it to your grandchildren 50 years from now.How much additional money will you have to gift to your grandchildren if you can earn an average of 8. 5 percent instead of just 8 percent on your savings? Question 4 options: | A)|   $47,318. 09| | B)|   $52,464. 79| | C)|   $55,211. 16| | D)|   $58,811. 99| | E)|   $60,923. 52 | Question 5 (2 points) Shelley won a lottery and will receive $1,000 a year for the next ten years. The value of her winnings today discounted at her discount rate is called which one of the following? Question 5 options: | A)|   single amount| | B)|   future value| | C)|   present value| D)|   simple amount| | E)|   compounded value | Question 6 (2 points) Andy deposited $3,000 this morning into an account that pays 5 percent interest, compounded annually. Barb also deposited $3,000 this morning into an account that pays 5 percent interest, compounded annually. Andy will withdraw his interest earnings and spend it as soon as possible. Barb will reinvest her interest earnings into her account. Given this, which one of the following statements is true? Question 6 options: | A)|   Barb will earn more interest the first year than Andy will. | B)|   Andy will earn more interest in year three than Barb will. | | C)|   Barb will earn interest on interest. | | D)|   After five years, Andy and Barb will both have earned the same amount of interest. | | E)|   Andy will earn compound interest. | Question 7 (2 points) You invested $1,650 in an account that pays 5 percent simple interest. How much more could you have earned over a 20-year period if the interest had compounded annually? Question 7 options: | A)|   $849. 22| | B)|   $930. 11| | C)|   $982. 19| | D)|   $1,021. 15| | E)|   $1,077. 94 | Question 8 (2 points)A year ago, you deposited $30,000 into a retirement savings account at a fixed rate of 5. 5 percent. Today, you could earn a fixed rate of 6. 5 percent on a similar type account. However, your rate is fixed and cannot be adjusted. How much less could you have deposited last year if you could have earned a fixed rate of 6. 5 percent and still have the same amount as you currently will when you retire 38 years from today? Question 8 options: | A)|   $2,118. 42 less| | B)|   $3,333. 33 less| | C)|   $5,417. 09 less| | D)|   $7,274. 12 less| | E)|   $9,234. 97 less  |Question 9 (2 points) You are investing $100 today in a savings account at your local bank. Which one of the following terms refers to the value of this investment one year from now? Question 9 options: | A)|   future value| | B)|   present value| | C)|   principal amounts| | D)|   discounted value| | E)|   invested principal | Question 10 (2 points) One year ago, you invested $1,800. Today it is worth $1,924. 62. What rate of interest did you earn? Question 10 options: | A)|   6. 59 percent| | B)|   6. 67 percent| | C)|   6. 88 percent| | D)|   6. 92 percent| | E)|   7. 01 percent |

Relationship of Leadership to the Politics

DefinitionLeadership-This is the practice of controlling and directing the behavior of individuals towards the completion of some common goals and objectives. It involves influencing people in undertaking things to a given set and value on top of their standard and all this is done willingly.  Politics-This is the process of recognizing and eventually integrating opposing interests inside the organization. This may be as the means of creating non autocratic or a democratic working environment.  Organization-This is the social arrangement that pursues collective objectives and goals, hence controlling its own performance, and it has a boundary separating it from environment surrounding it.DiscussionThe politics of an organization is essential and an unavoidable reality woven with system of management whereby organizational activities are affected by it. Organizational mission, goals, strategy, correction, assessment and ways of developing agreement are always leadership and politi cs of that particular organization. This is so because some of the great leaders in organizations have also ventured in politics thus becoming more influential in there actions as they dominate specific places both within and outside the organization. Politics and leadership go hand in hand, since most key leaders will tend to listen and get involved as they interact with politicians. For instance politicians may seek to meet trade, chambers of commerce and economic planning and development leaders to find out the operational activities of firms since both of them are policy makers. These politicians go their not to ask for endorsements but they go there to get out what is happening in the market and their country.Employees have the biggest influence on deciding what leadership style works for them, and sometimes they will mislead the leader to a very easy style hence the first thing to be undertaken is figuring out an exact style which works for and with them, hence democratic will not work well here and the preferred will be situational leadership and this will make the followers of a particular leader to decide for him. Though leaders should lead by example and move further to formulate and implement organizational policies.Organizational structure cannot be expected to resolve political problems within an institution. Political ambitions are frequently driving force behind these structural changes. Wider political and social forces in societies a s a whole also limit the choice and operation of organizational structures. This is common in the case of state organizations in both socialist and capitalist economies and of public service departments as well. Here the form of structure is usually imposed as a political rather than purely managerial decision.According to George’s leadership, political climate of a particular organization is affected by a leader through management and making use of alternative settings which is visible in decision making, interaction with others in mobilizing support and setting of agenda, also in inspiring individuals, teams and other people. The relationship between organizational politics and leadership can be comprehended from the fact that organizational leadership occurs in the perspective of groups, where followers are prejudiced by the leader to make sure their loyalty and voluntary participation towards predetermined outcomes. The interaction between leaders and their influence & authority over the followers lay down the tone for political climate in an organization. By clearly understanding of organizations’ political systems which is necessary for leadership to lead the company towards the goal achievement. Leaders who have worked for long in the company will possess the general knowledge of political climate prevailing in the organization. Leaders from outside should take time to learn and understand the organizational politics by focusing and observing keenly relationship of the v arious groups in the company.  The literature on politics in organizations is both complex and confusing. Consistent with the connotation that politics is somehow bad and to be avoided, at least in rational organizations. Politics in organization arises where groups in an organization have there own preferred goals, and the means to attain those goals, sanctioned by rest of the organization, for instance the case must be of powerful groups. Pfeffer (1981) suggests that political behavior is best known as those activities taken within organizations to acquire, develop and use power and other resources to obtain ones preferred outcomes in a situation in which there is uncertainty or discensus about choices. In this respect organizational politics and social power are very much a like, only that they are distinguished primarily by the unit of analysis involved. When our focus is on individuals influencing other individuals, here we talk about social power and when our focus is on gro ups influencing other groups we are talking about organization politics, hence political behavior occurs in situation characterized by uncertainty.Conflicting opinions and preferences are perhaps the single most important cause of political behavior. But such conflicts can exist only if there is some degree of uncertainty about what is objectively the best or must appropriate course of action. To try and solve this political behavior in organizations, power should be distributed equally among the groups affected by decision which give rise to this. It is also important to recognize that although conflicting preferences can exist only when there is some uncertainty about what is objectively the most correct or appropriate course of action, uncertainty simply provides an environment in which conflicting preferences can develop. The real causes of the conflicting opinions and preferences are differentiation and resource scarcity. Political leaders place there interest ahead of the inte rest of an organization, to them don’t visualizes the difference between operating within the law and operating ethically.It is important to note that since differentiation is a natural consequence of organizational growth, and since both uncertainty and resource scarcity are the rule rather than the exception in organizations, it must be concluded that both conflicts and political activity are inevitable group level outputs that can be found in virtually any organization. Understanding is the key for leaders to make use of organizational politics and also to enhance their own leadership credibility.   The amount of conflict and political behavior that occurs in a given organization will depend upon the severity of the prerequisite conditions, that is the degree to which there exist task interdependence, parochial perspectives, resource scarcity and soon.Referenceshttp://www.careerknowhow.com/guidance/micromanager.htmhttp://www.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfhttp://www.leadersdirec t.com/leaderstyle.html

buy custom Cleft Lip or Palate essay

buy custom Cleft Lip or Palate essay Clefts of the lip, alveolus and hard palates are the most common congenital deformities affecting the upper jaw leading to difficulty in feeding. However, cleft lip alone generally doesnt interfere with feeding. There are chances of regurgitation of milk, associated lung infections and chronic otitis media, Conductive hearing loss and delayed speech in the patients of cleft palate. They generally occur as isolated deformities and very rarely are associated with congenital heart disease and genetic conditions such as Aperts or Downs syndrome. INCIDENCE: 1 in 2500 live births. Clefts are highest among Asians and lowest among blacks. cleft lip and palate in conjoint predominate in males. Cleft palate alone is more common in females. ETIOLOGY:- possible etiology include maternal drug exposure during pregnancy, syndrome malformation complex, or genetic . This condition of cleft lip and palate is inherited in a dominant fashion, (van der woude syndrome) Embryology of Normal fetus: the masticatory muscles in conjoint with internal pterygoid Muscle allows the mandibular teeth to forcefully contact the maxillary teeth. When teeth meet simultaneously, the force is distributed over a large are of bone to tooth attachment and resulting to the joining of medial nasal and maxillary processes. Embryo histology: The cleft of the lip appears because of the hypoplasdia of the mesenchymal layer, resulting in failure of the medial nasal and maxillary processes to join. Cleft of the palate appears to represent failure of the palatal shelves to approximate or fuse. Genetic influences more significant in cleft lip/palate than cleft palate alone where environmental factors exert a greater influence. Clinical features: cosmetically looks ugly: Cleft lip may vary from a small notch in the vermillion border to a complete separation extending in to the floor of the nose. Clefts may be unilateral or bilateral and may involve the alveolar ridge. Cleft palate may result to difficulty in feeding, regurgitation ,lung infections, middle ear infections, dental decay and speech delay/hyper nasal speech, inability to whistle, gargle, blow out a candle, of inflate a balloon . MANAGEMENT : COSMETIC SURGERY : the correction of cleft lip is undertaken earlier because Of the obvious cosmetic problems.(three months of age) SURGICAL CLOSURE OF THE DEFECT: restoring the normal anatomy of the cleft palate undertaken later, but before the development of speech(around ten months of age) Treatment of lung infection like pneumonia and atelectasis orthodontic correction, Speech therapy :If surgery is delayed beyond three years of age, a contoured speech bulb can be attached to the posterior of a maxillary denture to accomplish occlusion of the naso pharynx and help the child develop intelligible speech. Treatment of middle ear infection e.g., otitis media and conductive hearing loss. Healthy diet:-feeding can be continued with a Mead Johnson bottle or a cup. Use a crosscut nipple to prevent choking. Any nipple can be crosscut manually using a single-edged razor blade. The crosscut is on the tongue side. CONCLUSION Cleft lip or palate is a congenital developmental deformity probably caused by maternal exposure of drugs during pregnancy Because of this deformity the neonate gets difficulty in feeding along with lung and middle ear infections. The only management remedy is surgical correction of the defect. Buy custom Cleft Lip or Palate essay

3 Justifications for Altering Quotations

3 Justifications for Altering Quotations 3 Justifications for Altering Quotations 3 Justifications for Altering Quotations By Mark Nichol Generally, writers should not change the wording in quotations, but quotations that lack context or that include a gratuitous word or phrase should be repaired, as shown in the following examples. 1. â€Å"Without those tools, she said, ‘It’s as if years ago we had given them a pencil to write the essay and took away the eraser.’† When a partial paraphrase is inserted before a quotation to provide clarity or additional information, lowercase the first letter of the first word of the quotation even if it was originally a complete sentence: â€Å"Without those tools, she said, ‘it’s as if years ago we had given them a pencil to write the essay and took away the eraser.’† 2. â€Å"It [the fire] was both a setback and a great relief,† he later remarked. Avoid introducing a bracketed noun or noun phrase to specify what an ambiguous pronoun refers to in a quote. Instead, use the noun or noun phrase in a paraphrase and omit the pronoun from the partial quotation that follows: â€Å"The fire, he later remarked, ‘was both a setback and a great relief.’† 3. â€Å"I think it’s important to recognize that this issue is not a, quote, distraction,† she added. Omit, without comment, a speaker’s or writer’s use of the word quote (or the phrase â€Å"quote, unquote†) to signal emphasis or skeptical or ironic usage; simply frame the emphasized word or phrase in single quotation marks: â€Å"‘I think it’s important to recognize that this issue is not a â€Å"distraction,†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ she added.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Beautiful and Ugly WordsAcronym vs. Initialism15 Names and Descriptions of Effects

Ethical Dilemma Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ethical Dilemma Assignment - Essay Example Ethical decisions may present themselves that can run the risk of ruining a career or creating a poor patient outcome. These decisions must be made carefully and thoughtfully, and with introspection and deliberation. Making the ethical decision is a process of self-reflection and personal integrity. This paper will define an ethical dilemma and explore the decision making process used to arrive at a decision where all the options have significant consequences. As a health care worker, friends occasionally confront me that need medical care and require a prescription drug. They will occasionally request that I write the prescription without seeing the patient, which is in violation of common medical ethics and sound medical practice. They may additionally ask me to write the prescription for a third party that has insurance in an effort to eliminate the cost of the drug. In addition to violating medical ethics, this also has the legal liability of being against the law. Adding to the ethical dilemma is the reality that they often do not have the money for their expensive medications, and using someone else's insurance may be the only option they have to acquire them. I am also familiar with their case and know the patients, and they perceive the demand to see them in the office as simply 'medical over-kill'. These factors impact my decision making process, as I am empathetic to their financial needs and sympathize with their feelings regar ding the office visit. I need to make a decision that will consider my friends and our relationship, their physical and emotional health, as well as my career and personal integrity. There are myriad sides to this dilemma and numerous aspects that need to be evaluated. I need to weigh the importance, and definition, of our friendship and how that might be impacted by my refusal to comply with their requests. I also need to examine the fact that I might be able to significantly help these people by doing a minimum amount of harm. The professional ethical guidelines that I uphold have a high value to me, and violating them reduces my own sense of self-worth. In addition, I could risk losing my license, my practice, my career, and my livelihood. I need to be sure that these risks are real, and not simply defense mechanisms that I am using to deny my friends' requests. These are the factors that need to be weighed into a reasonable and balanced decision that I can live with. The decision making process begins by defining the dilemma and ends with taking action. The process also includes consulting professional guidelines, considering all the options that are available, consulting colleagues, and evaluating the potential outcome of each alternative (Koocher & Keith-Spiegel, 2008, pp. 22-23). Every decision we make has consequences and when making a decision we need to be able to accept and endure the cost of that decision. I believe in the theory of virtue in regards to ethics and believe that our actions should adhere to the principle that "what is ethical is what develops moral virtues in ourselves and our communities" (Velasquez, Andre, Shanks, Meyer & Meyer, 2008). Unlike the utilitarian, I don't compare the potential good against the possible harm and see which outweighs the other. I simply must see if my actions develop my sense of moral virtue. I